Defining the Blues with Symbolism Essay - 649 Words

As children, we are taught the names and meanings of things. Children trust what they are taught, and they assume what they are told is true. We are taught that the sky is what we look up at when we are outside, and water is what fills up our bathtubs. We also learn that the color of these two examples is â€Å"blue.† In the Merriam-Webster’s School Dictionary, one of the first definitions of â€Å"blue† is stated as â€Å"The color of the clear daytime sky: a color lying between green and violet in the spectrum.† Even though the definition provided for the word â€Å"blue† contains examples, we are easily able to interpret the meaning of the word â€Å"blue† because of what we were taught growing up. As children begin to mature, their vocabulary develops,†¦show more content†¦A â€Å"bluebeard,† on the other hand, is a man who marries and kills one wife after another. The saying originated from a French folktale, where the title described the man’s ugly â€Å"blue† beard. The word â€Å"blue† is also used in figurative meanings. For instance, in Germany, two different sayings containing the word â€Å"blue† have inconsistent meanings. One, â€Å"to be blue (blau sein)† is meant â€Å"to be drunk,† while a person looking at the world with a blue eye is said to be naà ¯ve. As previously noted, the word â€Å"blue† can be used to mean different things, even though the settings are similar. Popular dialect can also give context into the meaning of the word â€Å"blue.† â€Å"Blue in the face† is said when someone is tired, usually from physical exercise. When a person’s face becomes short of oxygen, it is said to be turning blue. Another idiom, â€Å"into the blue,† is a saying used to describe something off into the far distance or unknown. Also, â€Å"out of the blue,† is used to characterize something that is completely unexpected. Both of these expressions involve a destination that is unclear. Not only is everyday language an example of how the word blue is used, but also the â€Å"blues,† a music genre defined by African Americans in the late 19th century, which often describes sadness and melancholy. Even though â€Å"blue† can be used to describe gloomy aspects such as the working class to the African Americans’ â€Å"blues†, blue is one ofShow MoreRelatedRacism And Discrimination On African Americans1210 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican Americans through her frequent use of symbolism.2 In The Bluest Eye, an extremely important symbol is blue eyes (Crayton 73). Blue eyes are used to symbolize racially based beauty standards and the power associated with whiteness (â€Å"Bluest† LitCharts). In the novel, society believes that if a person does not have white skin, he or she is not beautiful. Pecola Breedlove falls victim to this widespread belief and longs to possess blue eyes. In her world, blue eyes are far more than a simple eye colorRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Perfect Blue 899 Words   |  4 PagesPerfect Blue is an ultimate example of the â€Å"animation for grown-ups†, or anime rated R. In conveys numerous topics and symbols. Through crit ical perception and national symbols, it exploits the issues of feminity, independence, over-consumerism, appearance preoccupation, personality disorders, etc. The visual of the chase sequence deals with three levels of symbols explored below: a) â€Å"evil twin† symbolic meaning; b) personality disorder visuality; c) allusions to thriller representation. The analysisRead MoreThe Importance of Animals and Symbolism in Ancient Egyptian Art1611 Words   |  7 Pagessimilarities and differences, and consider how this affects the meaning of the works. Characteristics and Traits of Different Types of Ancient Egyptian Art Just from looking at a few pieces of the art of the Ancient Egyptians, you notice many defining characteristics about it that make it unique and different from other types of art. There are several recurring features in the art, so this must mean that these traits and aspects are significant. This next section of the essay will go into detailRead MoreSymbolism in Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried Essays978 Words   |  4 Pagesto shape each character. In doing so, the reader is able to sympathize with the internal and external struggles the men endure. These symbolic comparisons often give even the smallest details great literary weight, due to their dual meanings. The symbolism in â€Å"The Things They Carried† guides the reader through the complex development of characters by establishing their humanity during the inhumane circumstance of war, articulating what the men need for emotional and spiritual survival, and by revealingRead More Color as Metaphor in Film What Dreams May Come1332 Words   |  6 PagesDirector Ward goes even farther in using color to represent the actual characters themselves. Red is the shade chosen to signify Annie and likewise, blue is used for Chris. Both of these, as will be shown, are accurate in defining these fictitious people. However, it is the profound use of purple in this film that is the true focal point. When mixing red and blue paint, one would find that, after being mixed, they cannot be separated. Likewise, this is true of the life and love these characters build andRead MoreMovie Analysis : Sonny s Blues1248 Words   |  5 PagesRecords Some people might agree that a broken home might be better then no home, or maybe having no home is better then having a hopeless home. The narrator who is unnamed in Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, is from a home that you can carry good and horrid memories with you. In the short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, the narrator along with his entire household all have personal suffering that affect their lives tremendously. Consider that almost everyone has problems in their life and household, weather youRead MoreTo Begin The Discussion Of Organizational Culture It Is1181 Words   |  5 Pagesbegin the discussion of organizational culture it is critical that we first define what it is that we will seek to examine. As noted in the readings, many definitions exist, however for the scope of this paper I will take the lead of Kuh and Whitt. 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HaveRead MoreSymbolic References in Everyday Use by Alice Walker1848 Words   |  8 PagesSymbolism is the taking of an object big or small, and giving it something to stand for. It could be your everyday math symbols for addition, subtraction, division, and etc. Although math symbols are perfect examples of symbolism, there’s also objects that can be more than what they are. For example animals, Lions are known to be symbolized as strength, aggression, and assertiveness. Birds like doves are symbolized as love and peace. Colors are also held symbolically, for instance the color blackRead MoreThe Time Machine, H. G. Wells1701 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Time Machine, H. G. Wells explores the Victorian elements of 19th century society through symbolism in the novel’s depiction of the env ironment. Wells depicts the Time Machine as an impractical and extravagant construction in order to criticize the Victorian values which the Machine embodies. The White Sphinx, a statue the Time Traveler encounters when he travels the future, serves as symbol of the decay and death of the Victorian ideals. The Time Traveler’s description of the Palace of Green

Implementing A New Training Program - 1475 Words

I have experienced the difficulties and challenges faced with the way this has been in the past. With this new plan, it will completely eliminate the problems that have occurred from previous training processes. The company can save themselves many resources implementing a new training program with the phases: Goals and Objectives, Accessing Company Programs, Hands on workshop, Group/Teamwork activity, Evaluation and Follow up. Figure 1 shows the schedule of each phase and the days in which they should be carried out through the first week of training. Through the implementation of this project no extra resources will need to be used except the time of managers and other employees within the team. These are all miniscule factors in the beginning that will provide tremendous dividends in the success of this employee for the future. The goal of this new training program being implemented is to create a better transition and immediate spark of productive output from new employees. These steps will guide these new employees through a transition to becoming a veteran of the workplace. The benefits involved through the implementation is just as much for the managers as the employees themselves. Managers will be not be wasting time, resources, and money on lost work from new employees not knowing or understanding what they are supposed to be doing. In fact, the change will more efficiently use up the hours wasted when new employees are left with no work to do, create betterShow MoreRelatedImplementing A New Training And Development Program At English Home Furnishings1720 Words   |  7 PagesImplement a New Training and Development Program Attached is the proposal to implement a new training and development program at English Home Furnishings. This new program will go in effect on November 1, 2016. This four week program will allow all employees to have the same experience and knowledge when selling the products for the company. Due to the lack of training with new hires, this has caused a decline in sales due to lack of knowledge and experience. The following four week program will prepareRead MoreImplementing The Awareness And Training Program1060 Words   |  5 PagesImplementing: An IT security awareness and training program should be implemented only after a needs assessment has been conducted, a strategy has been developed, an awareness and training program plan for implementing that strategy has been completed, and awareness and training material has been developed. The program’s implementation must be fully explained to the organization to achieve support for its implementation and commitment of necessary resources. This explanation includes expectationsRead MoreNeeds Assessment Paper1475 Words   |  6 Pagestasked with implementing a new employee training program. This class is being designed especially for our new customer service associates to ensure they are successful in their new position. â€Å"Having a trained workforce means your workers are learning new skills that can improve production, cut time spent in creation of your service, reduce production costs, reduce mistakes, build confidence in your workforce, and create a better working environment† (Benton, 2014). Making sure that our new employeesRead MoreThe Role Of Electronic And The Media943 Words   |  4 Pagesmust have public support. The public must be convinced of its importance through repeated exposure and explained the repercussions of not implementing th e policy. The role of print and electronic media lacks in certain areas creating little value to any event or program that highlights the importance of implementing fall-prevention programs through formal training of nursing staff. 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New by-laws or modernized technology will call for current employees to meet open-endedRead MoreThe Errors Of Communication Errors1272 Words   |  6 Pages Limited of studies comparing the 2). â€Æ' Suggestions in implementing I-PASS The implementation of the I-PASS hand-off program was successful in reducing the rate of errors in communication in both a single site and in multiple site studies. I-PASS Study Education Executive Committee provides suggestions on how to successfully integrate the I-PASS hand-off program to a unit or an institution. This is based on how the I-PASS hand-off program is implemented in the multiple site study (O’Toole, WestRead MoreThe Leading Theories For Development Of Adult Education Programs Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesTPACK have been the leading theories for development of adult education programs and curricula. This white paper will provide various reasons to support the need for professional training programs to be implemented into educational settings for instructional leaders, coaches and supervisors. As the technological era continues to grow and flourish, instructional leaders are not able to effectively support instructors in implementing the technological, p edagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) neededRead MoreTraining Planning Essay1129 Words   |  5 PagesTraining alone is often not enough to inspire a changed behavior or improve performance. In a few nations, accessibility of proficient advancement programs is constrained. Numerous wellbeing laborers need access to formal preparing openings and new thoughts and methodologies that can enhance their work execution. Designing and Implementing Training Plans should be used by every organization to ensure proper training is taking place. A preparation program is made out of a calendar of activities withRead MoreField Training For Food Service1007 Words   |  5 PagesField training for food service is similar to street vendors in cities and towns. The â€Å"gut man† as some would call him is the morning food delivery truck that comes to your place of work and serves you up with an â€Å"eat on the go† concept. This is similar to the Army’s Field Food service pr ogram. The â€Å"eat on the go† concept is a growing idea and the military is the best at making this idea a reality. In combat environments there is no time to wine and dine or even have the time to enjoy a nice mealRead MoreEssay on Research Based Instructional Program780 Words   |  4 PagesINSTRCTIONAL PROGRAM Research-Based Instructional Program One major disadvantage to developing and implementing instructional programs not based on research is the time spent. â€Å"Time is money†, and wasted time means wasted money. Money is wasted on implementing programs that are not research based. Time and money is wasted on training. Overall time and money are wasted on the program. Without the proper research it may not be known if the program is needed in the first place. Programs may be developed

Basic Concepts in Quality Planning and Management Free Essays

Quality Management (Basic Concepts) 1) What Is Quality? The totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied — ASQ (American Society for Quality) needs. 1. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Basic Concepts in Quality Planning and Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Performance Reliability Durability Serviceability Aesthetics Features Perceived Quality Conformance to Standards Will the product do the intended job? How often does the product fail? How long does the product last? How easy is it to repair the product? What does the product look like? What does the product do? What is the reputation of the company or its product? Is the product made exactly as the designer intended? Quality Management Slide 2 of 35 1. 1 Components of Quality Customer Quality of Design Product Features vs Customer Requirements Requirements Performance Quality of Specifications Sales and Marketing Product Specifications vs Product Features Quality of Conformance Features Product Product Characteristics vs Product Specifications Design Manufacturing Quality of Performance Product Characteristics vs Customer Requirements Specifications Quality Management Slide 3 of 35 1. 1. Voice of the Customer The term Voice Of the Customer (VOC) is used to describe customers’ needs and their perceptions of your product or service. VOC data helps an organization: †¢ Align design and improvement efforts with business strategy. †¢ Decide what products, processes and services to offer or enhance. †¢ Identify critical features/performance requirements for products, processe s and services. †¢ Identify key drivers of customer satisfaction. Quality Management Slide 4 of 35 1. 1. 2 Kano’s Model of Customer Needs Performance Quality Satisfiers Excitement Quality Noriaki Kano Delighters Basic Quality Dissatisfiers Quality Performance Quality Management Customer Satisfaction Slide 5 of 35 1. 2 Quality is Customer Satisfaction Supplier Metrics †¢ Cycle-Time Customer Needs †¢ Timeliness †¢ Cost †¢ Price †¢ Defect Rate †¢ Quality Quality Management Slide 6 of 35 1. 2 Quality is Customer Satisfaction A â€Å"customer† is anyone who is impacted by the product: 1. External Customers – Include not only the end-users, but also †¢ the intermediate processors (OEMs, distributors, retailers) †¢ non-purchasers who have some connection to the product (government regulatory bodies) . Internal Customers – Include not only other divisions of the company that are provided with components for an assembly, but also †¢ others that are affected (the Purchasing department that receives an engineering specification for a procurement) Quality Management Slide 7 of 35 1. 3 Two Views of Quality Internal View of Quali ty Compare product to specification Get product accepted at inspection Prevent plant field defects Concentrate on manufacturing Use internal quality measures View quality as a technical issue Efforts coordinated by quality manager External View of Quality Compare product to competition (and BIC) Provide satisfaction over product life Meet customer needs on goods services Cover all functions User customer-based quality measures View quality as a business issue Efforts directed by upper management Quality Management Slide 8 of 35 2) What is Management? Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, accomplish efficiently selected aims. Quality Management Slide 9 of 35 2. 1 Management Functions Goals of Claimants Use of Resources Reengineering the System What , When Planning How Organizing Who Staffing Leading Controlling Produce Results Quality Management Slide 10 of 35 Facilitate Communication Links 2. 1 Management Functions Strategic Tactical Quality Management Time Spent in Carrying Out Managerial Functions Slide 11 of 35 Controlling Organizing Planning Leading 3) What is Quality Management? Quality management is the process of identifying and administering the activities needed to achieve the quality objectives of an organization. Desired Quality Performance Current Quality Performance Quality Management Slide 12 of 35 3. Juran’s Trilogy CHRONIC WASTE ( opportunity for improvement ) Joseph Moses Juran (1904-2008) †¢ Quality Planning designing products, services and processes to meet new breakthrough goals †¢ Quality Control meeting goals during operations †¢ Quality Improvement creating breakthroughs to unprecedented levels of performance Slide 13 of 35 Quality Management 3. 1 Juran’s Trilogy Quality Planning †¢ Establish quality goals †¢ Identify customers †¢ Discover customer needs †¢ Develop product features †¢ Develop process features †¢ Establish process controls, transfer to operations Quality Control Choose control subjects †¢ Choose units of measure †¢ Set goals †¢ Create a sensor †¢ Measure the actual performance †¢ Interpret the difference †¢ Take action on the difference Quality Improvement †¢ Prove the need †¢ Identify projects †¢ Organize project teams †¢ Diagnose the causes †¢ Provide remedies, prove that the remedies are effective †¢ Deal with resistance to change †¢ Control to hold the gains Quality Management Slide 14 of 35 4) The Need for Quality Management Two primary components of quality: †¢ Product Features †¢ Freedom from Deficiencies Features Deficiencies Price Share Cycle Time Waste Warranty Income Cost Profit Quality Management Slide 15 of 35 4. 1 Drivers for Quality Changing business conditions: †¢ Increasing competition – Customers are not willing to pay for higher quality †¢ Changing customer – Consumer markets commands priority based on volume †¢ Changing product mix – Low-Volume, High-Price High-Volume, Low-Price †¢ Increasing product complexity – More stringent requirements for reliability †¢ Higher levels of customer expectation – Improved service quality both before and after the sale Quality Management Slide 16 of 35 4. 2 Deming Chain Reaction William Edwards Deming (1900-1993) Quality Management Slide 17 of 35 5) Total Quality Control Armand Villan Feigenbaum (born 1922) Quality Management Slide 18 of 35 5. 1 Key Elements of Total Quality †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Strategically Based Customer Focus Obsession with Quality Scientific Approach Long-Term Commitment Teamwork Continual Improvement of Systems Education and Training Freedom through Control Unity of Purpose Employee Involvement and Empowerment Slide 19 of 35 Quality Management 5. 2 Scope of Quality Management Traditional (Little Q) Emerging (Big Q) Products Manufactured goods All products, goods services, (whether for sale or not) Processes Processes directly related to manufacture of goods All processes, manufacturing support, business, etc Industries Manufacturing All industries, manufacturing, service, government, etc (whether profit or not) Slide 20 of 35 Quality Management 5. 3 Triple-Role Concept TripleUnder this enlarged concept (Big Q), all jobs encompass three roles for the jobholder: †¢ customer : receives processed information and/or goods †¢ processor : converts inputs into outputs †¢ supplier : delivers resulting products to customers e. g. The Product Development function †¢ receives information on customer needs from Marketing †¢ creates designs for new products †¢ furnishes specifications to Operations Quality Management Slide 21 of 35 5. 3 Triple-Role Concept TripleInput I am Responsible for Quality As a Good Customer I will As a Good Process Owner I will As a Good Supplier I will Output My Supplier My Customer Requirements Feedback †¢ Agree on document my requirements with my supplier †¢ Learn apply the tools of quality – teach others †¢ Understand my customer requirements, agree on, document my deliverables Requirements Feedback Return defective inputs to my supplier promptly tactfully †¢ Continuously improve my process – reduce defects, cycle-time know benchmarks †¢ Reduce defects variations in my output †¢ Feed back input quality data to my supplier †¢ Document display my process, defect levels, CI projects †¢ Measure my output qualit y from my customer’s perspective Quality Management Slide 22 of 35 3. 2. 1 SIPOC Diagram Supplier Input Process Function 1 Output Customer Internal Internal Function 2 External †¦ External Function i †¦ Customer What are my requirements? Function n End-User What are their expectations? Who are my Suppliers? What are my Funtions? Who are my Customers? Exercise 1 Describe the triple-role for the following: †¢ a process engineer †¢ an equipment engineer †¢ a quality manager †¢ an under-graduate For each scenario, identify the key responsibilities for each triple-role. Quality Management Slide 24 of 35 6) The Importance of Quality The first job we have is to turn out quality merchandise that consumers will buy and keep on buying. If we produce it efficiently and economically, we will earn a profit in which you will share. William Cooper Procter (1862-1934) Company Employees Address in 1887 Three issues critical to manufacturing and service: †¢ Productivity †¢ Cost †¢ Quality Quality Management Slide 25 of 35 6) The Importance of Quality Improved Quality †¢ Competitive Advantage †¢ Reduced Cost Less returns, rework and/or scrap †¢ Increased Productivity Increased Profits †¢ Satisfied Customers Quality Sales Profit Jobs Quality Management Slide 26 of 35 6. 1 Cost of Poor Quality GM announces recall April 14, 2009 06:56 PM HUNTSVILLE, AL (WAFF) – General Motors is recalling 1. 5 million vehicles because of potential engine fires. GM says there have been no reports of any fires or injuries. Some of the recalled vehicles are no longer in production. The recall involves vehicles with a 3. 8-liter V6 engine. The government says drops of oil could fall into the exhaust system and cause a fire in the engine. The recall includes the 1998-1999 oldsmobile Intrigue, the 1997-2003 Pontiac Grand Prix, 1997-2003 Buick Regal, and the 1998-2003 Chevrolet Lumina, Monte Carlo and Impala. A gm spokesperson says the recall is just a precautionary measure for consumers. Quality Management Slide 27 of 35 6. 1 Cost of Poor Quality Sony recalls 438,000 laptops on burn concern Fri, Sep 05, 2008 Reuters NEW YORK, US – Japan’s Sony Corp has launched a voluntary recall of 438,000 Vaio portable computers, citing a potential hazard that could cause the machines to overheat or possibly burn a user. It is one of the biggest computer recalls since 2006 when Dell Inc recalled 4. 1 million notebook computer batteries because they could overheat and catch fire. Quality Management Slide 28 of 35 6. 1 Cost of Poor Quality Prima Deli chocolate cakes likely cause of food poisoning By Hasnita A Majid, Channel NewsAsia | Posted: 03 December 2007 2259 hrs SINGAPORE: If you’ve bought chocolate cakes from bakery chain Prima Deli, you should throw them away. The advice comes from the Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA). The two agencies say these cakes are likely to contain a bacteria called Salmonella Enteriditis, which has caused some people to get food poisoning. Salmonella is a group of bacteria that can cause symptoms such as fever, watery diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain. 106 people have so far reported getting food poisoning after eating the cakes. Six had to be hospitalised, but have since been discharged. They tested positive for Salmonella Enteritidis. Quality Management Slide 29 of 35 6. 1 Cost of Poor Quality The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster occurred on January 28, 1986, when Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven crew members. The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of central Florida, United States at 11:39 a. m. EST (16:39 UTC). The Space Shuttle Columbia disaster occurred on February 1, 2003, when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated over Texas during re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere, with the loss of all seven crew members, shortly before it was scheduled to conclude its 28th mission, STS-107. Quality Management Slide 30 of 35 6. 2 Quality, Costs and Schedules Quality †¢ Emphasis on Quality – Elimination of causes of error and rework Reduction in Costs Improve delivery Schedules †¢ Emphasis on Quality – Unnecessary product features – Unrealistic tolerances – Perfectionism in inspection Increase in Costs Missing delivery Schedules Costs Schedules Will emphasis on Quality have a positive or negative impact on Costs and Schedules? Quality Management Slide 31 of 35 6. 2 Quality, Costs and Schedules Quality is about doing things right the first time and about satisfying customers. But quality is also about costs, revenues, and profits. Quality plays a key role in keeping costs low, revenues high, and profits robust. Perry L Johnson http://www. pji. com/aboutplj. htm Quality Management Slide 32 of 35 7) The Quality Odyssey Transformational change or radical change is different from incremental change. A breakthrough can mean different things to different people. Radical Change Carry-Over Modules from Past †¢ â€Å"As-is† †¢ Minor modifications †¢ 5S †¢ Root causes are not always identified Incremental Change †¢ Quality improvement †¢ Lean Manufacturing †¢ Process flow revisions †¢ Customer focused †¢ Re-design †¢ Creative thinking †¢ Innovation †¢ Six Sigma †¢ Benchmarking †¢ New technology Fix as Fail Self-Inspection †¢ Check †¢ Inspect †¢ Quality Control †¢ Revise Towards â€Å"Best-in-Class† Quality Quality Management Slide 33 of 35 7) The Quality Odyssey Recognize Leaders recognize the need for change and focus on achieving â€Å"Best-InClass† Quality. Define Leaders define the strategy, goals and objectives necessary to pursue â€Å"BestIn-Class† Quality. Organize Steps are taken to measure and analyze the organization’s current position. Improve Deploy strategy by selecting key problem areas, training people, establishing measures, developing solutions, and implementing improvements. Control Determine if improvements are working. If so, establish controls to maintain this new level of Sustain Integrate improvements throughout the organization standardize best practices. Select new areas for improvement. Alignment between customers’ expectations and the organization’s strategic plan, processes and activities ultimately results in the right things being done right. Quality Management Slide 34 of 35 Recommended Further Reading 1. Juran’s Quality Planning and Analysis for Enterprise Quality Frank Gryna, Richard C H Chua and Joseph A DeFeo McGraw-Hill, 5th Edition, 2005 Chapter 1 : Basic Concepts Quality Management Slide 35 of 35 How to cite Basic Concepts in Quality Planning and Management, Papers

Architecture Manifesto Essay Example For Students

Architecture Manifesto Essay The length of architecture could be a little tiny piece of pencil to the entire broad Milky Way it’s upon us to explore the form of architecture that defines us. The term modern architecture is ambiguous. It can be understood to refer to all buildings of the modern period regardless of their ideological basis, or it can be understood more specifically as an architecture conscious of its own modernity and striving for change. Modern architecture is a category that usually complements buildings of the 20th and 21st century. It would include Bauhaus / International styles (sometimes used to describe Bauhaus architecture in United States) and also brutalism. Modernism was a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of the Art Deco, Art Nouveau and the Victorian ages. However, it is still a matter of taste. Even though Bauhaus, a German design school 3 (Operated from 1919-33 By founder Walter Gropius, then by Hans Mayer and Ludwig Mies der Van Rohe) which had profoundly influenced arts and architecture had been more concerned with social aspects of design; nonetheless, International style soon became a symbolism of Capitalism. To every (well, most of) architectural students or architects, living in the world of Le Corbusier would be like a trip to Narnia (whether you like it or not). We’ve heard so much about him, his creation and his legacy. His works stand today, still looking as â€Å"modern† as he intended to. Thus, proving that the concept of never be â€Å"out of style† in his modern buildings true. Whether do you agree with his theory or not, you have to give the man some credits, remembering that he had achieved all of what seems today as â€Å"normal† in the first half of the 20th century and most of the buildings nowadays inevitably had some of his influences more or less. According to his manifesto, â€Å"a house is the machine for living† in the sense that should have been governed by calculations and â€Å"standards†. Le Corbusier was fascinated with the idea of â€Å"mass production† (remembering that this was in the early 20th century), factories fascinated him with their simple forms and pure functions as with automobiles which were mass produced and designed to fit a certain standard. To achieve the utmost perfection, there must be a certain standards which derives from various calculations and experiments, Le Corbusier believes that all humans have a certain standards and are physically the same, he went further to the point of â€Å"objectifying† his name from â€Å"Charles-Edouard Jeanneret† to Le Corbusier, â€Å"Le† means â€Å"the†. The reason that his buildings are all so minimal is because he believed in the true pure primary forms, which he believed that â€Å"they can be clearly appreciated†. Gothic buildings, are not true architecture, â€Å"the styles are a lie†. Nevertheless, architectures from the past that he did admire were the pyramids, Pont du Gard and also the Parthenon all of which he stated, to have been derived from some standards and precise calculations. Thus, it almost all of his buildings, the simple pure geometrical forms became the most recognizable feature of his architecture as eventually what we recognize in most modern building nowadays. Playtime A Film by Jacques Tati Besides from moving to a little town in Northern India called â€Å"Chandigargh† where his â€Å"Radiant city† had been made into reality, a film by Jacques Tati, â€Å"Playtime† offer you quite a good idea of what would it be like if his creation and principles were made into reality. The film displays the struggle of an out-of-town man hoping to meet up with a man in Le Corbusier’s version of Paris. Here, the director’s point of view towards Corbusier was clear, that it would be a blunt, grey, boring society where everything, everywhere and everyone would sort of look the same. The modern standards and mass-produced society would erases identity to the point that we only recognize it’s Paris by the old French lady selling flowers at the street corner. I personally admired Le Corbusier who came up with all of these things that today, seems ordinary. We have to admit that without some of his theory, the world would be different today. However I think that the radiant city is a bit too far, hence, I agree to Tati’s viewpoint presented on the film. At first glance, it looks aesthetically pleasing with everything in order, nice modern high rises and the glass and steel structure but as we watched the film, I started to feel the coldness, lack of warmth in the society, in the environment. It leads to the point of becoming a bit haunting, when Hawaii, New York and London would practically look the same and we couldn’t distinguish the nationalities of people without hearing them speak various languages. Steven Holl - Ideas on Architecture EssayThe key to achieve these almost impossible forms is the use of the computer program to generate formulas and calculate to the exact pieces that will, when constructed together, create that free form, flowing buildings. Thus, this represent a contradiction, the forms of Zaha’s buildings might seems flowing and free, because it was all about the differences in each building that in a whole, flow together in harmony, just like the society that made up of differences but as a whole operates as one. Yet, when it comes to the way her buildings are to be built, in involved one of the most complicated, precise and laborious process as each piece of her buildings are unique and different, meaning that if one piece doesn’t exactly followed that pattern, in other word, if that piece does not come as perfect as planned, the whole system will fail and a building will not be complete. To just give you a better idea of how notoriously laborious the creation of Zaha’s buildings are, once an engineer has to make 7000 sections of a particular building in the order to understand the structure because it is indeed, different at 7000 points of the building. Master Plan of Singapore I appreciated her contribution to the architectural world; she has really brought the parametric into the light, and made it quite well known. I like the flow and the free form of her buildings since it has never been done in the past before, However, I felt that the complexity involved in the creation of her buildings works against her as it sparks the question; Do we really need to do this after all? Since her curves and free forms does not contributes to the main functions of the building after all, do we really need to go through all of this troubles in the order to get the aesthetics and the meaning of the building just right? Perhaps, good architecture is not only about inventive, exciting forms but also more importantly, the experience of the building and how it uses specific context of the site, the environment and the habitants to create an â€Å"experience†. Nevertheless, like I said before, it is non-arguable that Zaha has become such an influential part of today’s architecture and thus, deserves all of the credits she received. Then came along architects like Saarinen, who dares to break through the straight lines and play with curves successfully, what is particularly interesting is that these curves are not random, they are a part of the concept, they do have a purpose, they’re not for ornamentation. Then there’re also Louis Kahn, whose architecture used the past as inspiration not abandoned it, I’ve found his concept to be inspiring as a person who is also fascinated with history. I like how his building does not only occupy people nor that it’s a machine, for example, the National Assembly Building in Dhaka, Bangladesh, which fully reflected on the Bangladesh identity, I feel that a good building should does that, it needs to care, about the context, about the occupants. Another one of my favorite, Alvar Aalto, I liked how he purposely captured the Finnish spirit in his work, how he uses local material in the order to goves out a cultural ambience which build a connection between his architecture and occupants. Thus these elements does have meanings, they do exhibits a sort of function like the ripple ceiling in the Viipuri Library, which were there for acoustic but also became a dominant aesthetical features and ultimately, the identity of the architecture as well. I’ll admit that I do prefer this new style that the international style as I feel that it requires more creativity, more exploration and the outcome is much wider in terms of concepts and of course, the aesthetics. I’ve mention before that besides from the â€Å"white gods†, those that claimed themselves modernist were basically conforming, copying from the BOOK, I think that architecture is about inventing, always creating a better way, learn from the old to improve the new. I admired these people to dare break the restriction of the modern architecture, dare to invites curves back into architecture, to me, that shows the ability of a great architect; the ability to always think of the future without abandoning the past. Bibliography: Joedicke, Jurgen. A History of Modern Architecture. London, 1963. Print. Philip Jodidio. 100 Contemporary Architects, 2 Vol. London: Taschen, 2013. Print. Playtime Movie

Microprocessor and Interfacing free essay sample

Peripherals and Interfacing PIO 8255 The parallel input-output port chip 8255 is also called as programmable peripheral input-output port. The Intel’s 8255 is designed for use with Intel’s 8-bit, 16-bit and higher capability microprocessors. It has 24 input/output lines which may be individually programmed in two groups of twelve lines each, or three groups of eight lines. The two groups of I/O pins are named as Group A and Group B. Each of these two groups contains a subgroup of eight I/O lines called as 8-bit port and another subgroup of four lines or a 4-bit port. Thus Group A contains an 8-bit port A along with a 4-bit port. C upper. PIO 8255 †¢ The port A lines are identified by symbols PA0-PA7 while the port C lines are identified as PC4-PC7. Similarly, GroupB contains an 8-bit port B, containing lines PB0-PB7 and 4-bit port C with lower bits PC0- PC3. We will write a custom essay sample on Microprocessor and Interfacing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The port C upper and port C lower can be used in combination as an 8-bitport C. †¢ Both the port C are assigned the same address. Thus one may have either three 8-bit I/O ports or two 8-bit and two 4-bit ports from 8255. All of these ports can function independently either as input or as output ports. This can be achieved by programming the bits of an internal register of 8255 called as control word register ( CWR ). PIO 8255 †¢ The internal block diagram and the pin configuration of 8255 are shown in fig. †¢ The 8-bit data bus buffer is controlled by the read/write control logic. The read/write control logic manages all of the internal and external transfers of both data and control words. †¢ RD, WR, A1, A0 and RESET are the inputs provided by the microprocessor to the READ/ WRITE control logic of 8255. The 8-bit, 3-state bidirectional buffer is used to interface the 8255 internal data bus with the external system data bus. PIO 8255 †¢ This buffer receives or transmits data upon the execution of input or output instructions by the microprocessor. The control words or status information is also transferred through the buffer. †¢ The signal description of 8255 are briefly presented as follows : †¢ PA7-PA0: These are eight port A lines that acts as either latched output or buffered input lines depending upon the control word loaded into the control word register. †¢ PC7-PC4 : Upper nibble of port C lines. They may act as either output latches or input buffers lines. PIO 8255 This port also can be used for generation of handshake lines in mode 1 or mode 2. †¢ PC3-PC0 : These are the lower port C lines, other details are the same as PC7-PC4 lines. †¢ PB0-PB7 : These are the eight port B lines which are used as latched output lines or buffered input lines in the same way as port A. †¢ RD : This is the input line driven by the microprocessor and should be low to indicate read operation to 8255. †¢ WR : This is an input line driven by the microprocessor. A low on this line indicates write operation. PIO 8255 †¢ CS : This is a chip select line. If this line goes low, it enables the 8255 to respond to RD and WR signals, otherwise RD and WR signal are neglected. †¢ A1-A0 : These are the address input lines and are driven by the microprocessor. These lines A1-A0 with RD, WR and CS from the following operations for 8255. These address lines are used for addressing any one of the four registers, i. e. three ports and a control word register as given in table below. †¢ In case of 8086 systems, if the 8255 is to be interfaced with lower order data bus, the A0 and A1 pins of 8255 are connected with A1 and A2 respectively. RD 0 0 0 0 RD 1 1 1 1 RD X 1 WR 1 1 1 1 WR 0 0 0 0 WR X 1 CS 0 0 0 0 CS 0 0 0 0 CS 1 0 A1 0 0 1 1 A1 0 0 1 1 A1 X X A0 0 1 0 1 A0 0 1 0 1 A0 X X Input (Read) cycle Port A to Data bus Port B to Data bus Port C to Data bus CWR to Data bus Output (Write) cycle Data bus to Port A Data bus to Port B Data bus to Port C Data bus to CWR Function Data bus tristated Data bus tristated Control Word Register PIO 8255. †¢ D0-D7 : These are the data bus lines those carry data or control word to/from the microprocessor. †¢ RESET : A logic high on this line clears the control word register of 8255. All ports are set as input ports by default after reset. Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) †¢ 1. 2. 3. 4. †¢ It has a 40 pins of 4 groups. Data bus buffer Read Write control logic Group A and Group B controls Port A, B and C Data bus buffer: This is a tristate bidirectional buffer used to interface the 8255 to system databus. Data is transmitted or received by the buffer on execution of input or output instruction by the CPU. Control word and status information are also transferred through this unit. †¢ Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) Read/Write control logic: This unit accepts control signals ( RD, WR ) and also inputs from address bus and issues commands to individual group of control blocks ( Group A, Group B). †¢ It has the following pins. a) CS Chipselect : A low on this PIN enables the communication between CPU and 8255. b) RD (Read) A low on this pin enables the CPU to read the data in the ports or the status word through data bus buffer. †¢ Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) WR ( Write ) : A low on this pin, the CPU can write data on to the ports or on to the control register through the data bus buffer. ) RESET: A high on this pin clears the control register and all ports are set to the input mode e) A0 and A1 ( Address pins ): These pins in conjunction with RD and WR pins control the selection of one of the 3 ports. †¢ Group A and Group B controls : These block receive control from the CPU and issues commands to their respective ports. c) Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture) ( cont.. ) †¢ Group A PA and PCU ( PC7 -PC4) †¢ Group B PCL ( PC3 PC0) †¢ Control word register can only be written into no read operation of the CW register is allowed. a) Port A: This has an 8 bit latched/buffered O/P and 8 bit input latch. It can be programmed in 3 modes mode 0, mode 1, mode 2. b) Port B: This has an 8 bit latched / buffered O/P and 8 bit input latch. It can be programmed in mode 0, mode1. Block Diagram of 8255 (Architecture). c) Port C : This has an 8 bit latched input buffer and 8 bit out put latched/buffer. This port can be divided into two 4 bit ports and can be used as control signals for port A and port B. it can be programmed in mode 0. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ These are two basic modes of operation of 8255. I/O mode and Bit Set-Reset mode (BSR). †¢ In I/O mode, the 8255 ports work as programmable I/O ports, while in BSR mode only port C (PC0-PC7) can be used to set or reset its individual port bits. †¢ Under the I/O mode of operation, further there are three modes of operation of 8255, so as to support different types of applications, mode 0, mode 1 and mode 2. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ BSR Mode: In this mode any of the 8-bits of port C can be set or reset depending on D0 of the control word. The bit to be set or reset is selected by bit select flags D3, D2 and D 1 of the CWR as given in table. I/O Modes : a) Mode 0 ( Basic I/O mode ): This mode is also called as basic input/output mode. This mode provides simple input and output capabilities using each of the three ports. Data can be simply read from and written to the input and output ports respectively, after appropriate initialisation. D3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 D2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Selected bit s of port C D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 BSR Mode : CWR Format PA 8 2 5 5 PCU PCL PA6 PA7 PC4 PC7 PC0-PC3 PB PB0 PB7 8 2 5 5 PA PCU PCL PB PA PC PB0 PB7 All Output Port A and Port C acting as O/P. Port B acting as I/P Mode 0 Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ 1. The salient features of this mode are as listed below: Two 8-bit ports ( port A and port B )and two 4-bit ports (port C upper and lower ) are available. The two 4-bit ports can be combinedly used as a third 8-bit port. Any port can be used as an input or output port. Output ports are latched. Input ports are not latched. A maximum of four ports are available so that overall 16 I/O configuration are possible. All these modes can be selected by programming a register internal to 8255 known as CWR. 2. 3. 4. †¢ Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. †¢ The control word register has two formats. The first format is valid for I/O modes of operation, i. e. modes 0, mode 1 and mode 2 while the second format is valid for bit set/reset (BSR) mode of operation. These formats are shown in following fig. D7 1 D6 X D5 X D4 X D3 D2 D1 D0 0- Reset 0-for BSR mode Bit select flags D3, D2, D1 are from 000 to 111 for bits PC0 TO PC71- Set I/O Mode Control Word Register Format and BSR Mode Control Word Register Format PA3 PA2 PA1 PA0 RD CS GND A1 A0 PC7 PC6 PC5 PC4 PC0 PC1 PC2 PC3 PB0 PB1 PB2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 0 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 PA4 PA5 PA6 PA7 WR Reset D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Vcc PB7 PB6 PB5 PB4 PB3 8255A 8255A Pin Configuration = D0-D7 CS RESET 8255A A0 A1 RD PA0-PA7 PC4-PC7 PC0-PC3 PB0-PB7 Vcc WR GND Signals of 8255 3 Group A control 1 D0-D7 Data bus Buffer 8 bit int data bus 4 Group A Port A(8) PA0-PA7 Group A Port C upper(4) Group B Port C Lower(4) PC7-PC4 PC0-PC3 2 RD WR A0 A1 RESET CS Block Diagram of 8255 READ/ WRITE Control Logic Group B control PB7-PB0 Group B Port B(8) D7 D6 D5 Mode for Port A D4 PA D3 PC U D2 Mode for PB D1 PB D0 PC L Mode Set flag 1- active 0- BSR mode Group A 1 Input PC u 0 Output 1 Input PA 0 Output 00 mode 0 Mode 01 mode 1 Select of PA 10 mode 2 Group B PCL PB Mode Select 1 Input 0 Output 1 Input 0 Output 0 mode- 0 1 mode- 1 Control Word Format of 8255 Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) b) Mode 1: ( Strobed input/output mode ) In this mode the handshaking control the input and output action of the specified port. Port C lines PC0-PC2, provide strobe or handshake lines for port B. This group which includes port B and PC0-PC2 is called as group B for Strobed data input/output. Port C lines PC3-PC5 provide strobe lines for port A. This group including port A and PC3-PC5 from group A. Thus port C is utilized for generating handshake signals. The salient features of mode 1 are listed as follows: Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) 1. 2. 3. 4. Two groups group A and group B are available for strobed data transfer. Each group contains one 8-bit data I/O port and one 4-bit control/data port. The 8-bit data port can be either used as input and output port. The inputs and outputs both are latched. Out of 8-bit port C, PC0-PC2 are used to generate control signals for port B and PC3-PC5 are used to generate control signals for port A. he lines PC6, PC7 may be used as independent data lines. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ The control signals for both the groups in input and output modes are explained as follows: Input control signal definitions (mode 1 ): †¢ STB( Strobe input ) If this lines falls to logic low level, the data available at 8-bit input port is loaded into input latches. †¢ IBF ( Input buffer full ) If this signal rises to logic 1, it indicates that data has been loaded into latches, i. e. it works as an acknowledgement. IBF is set by a low on STB and is reset by the rising edge of RD input. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ INTR ( Interrupt request ) This active high output signal can be used to interrupt the CPU whenever an input device requests the service. INTR is set by a high STB pin and a high at IBF pin. INTE is an internal flag that can be controlled by the bit set/reset mode of either PC4 (INTEA) or PC2(INTEB) as shown in fig. †¢ INTR is reset by a falling edge of RD input. Thus an external input device can be request the service of the processor by putting the data on the bus and sending the strobe signal. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. Output control signal definitions (mode 1) : †¢ OBF (Output buffer full ) This status signal, whenever falls to low, indicates that CPU has written data to the specified output port. The OBF flip-flop will be set by a rising edge of WR signal and reset by a low going edge at the ACK input. †¢ ACK ( Acknowledge input ) ACK signal acts as an acknowledgement to be given by an output device. ACK sig nal, whenever low, informs the CPU that the data transferred by the CPU to the output device through the port is received by the output device. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ INTR ( Interrupt request ) Thus an output signal that can be used to interrupt the CPU when an output device acknowledges the data received from the CPU. INTR is set when ACK, OBF and INTE are 1. It is reset by a falling edge on WR input. The INTEA and INTEB flags are controlled by the bit set-reset mode of PC 6and PC2 respectively. 1 0 1 0 Input control signal definitions in Mode 1 1/0 X X X 1 X X X X 1 1 X D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 1 Input 0 Output For PC6 PC7 PA0 PA7 INTEA PC4 PC5 STBA IBFA D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 PB0 PB7 INTEB PC 2 PC1 STBB IBFB PC3 RD PC6 PC7 INTRA I/O PC0 INTR A Mode 1 Control Word Group A I/P RD Mode 1 Control Word Group B I/P STB IBF INTR RD DATA from Peripheral Mode 1 Strobed Input Data Transfer WR OBF INTR ACK Data OP to Port Mode 1 Strobed Data Output Output control signal definitions Mode 1 1 0 1 0 1/0 X X X 1 X X X X 1 0 X D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 1 Input 0 Output For PC4 PC5 PA0 PA7 INTEA PC7 PC6 OBF ACKA D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 PB0 PB7 INTEB PC PC2 1 OBFB ACKB PC3 WR PC4 PC5 PC0 INTRA I/O INTRB Mode 1 Control Word Group A Mode 1 Control Word Group B Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ Mode 2 ( Strobed bidirectional I/O ): This mode of operation of 8255 is also called as strobed bidirectional I/O. This mode of operation provides 8255 with an additional features for communicating with a peripheral device on an 8-bit data bus. Handshaking signals are provided to maintain proper data flow and synchronization between the data transmitter and receiver. The interrupt generation and other functions are similar to mode 1. †¢ In this mode, 8255 is a bidirectional 8-bit port with handshake signals. The RD and WR signals decide whether the 8255 is going to operate as an input port or output port. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The Salient features of Mode 2 of 8255 are listed as follows: The single 8-bit port in group A is available. The 8-bit port is bidirectional and additionally a 5-bit control port is available. Three I/O lines are available at port C. ( PC2 PC0 ) Inputs and outputs are both latched. The 5-bit control port C (PC3-PC7) is used for generating / accepting handshake signals for the 8-bit data transfer on port A. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ Control signal definitions in mode 2: †¢ INTR (Interrupt request) As in mode 1, this control signal is active high and is used to interrupt the microprocessor to ask for transfer of the next data byte to/from it. This signal is used for input ( read ) as well as output ( write ) operations. †¢ Control Signals for Output operations: †¢ OBF ( Output buffer full ) This signal, when falls to low level, indicates that the CPU has written data to port A. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) ACK ( Acknowledge ) This control input, when falls to logic low level, acknowledges that the previous data byte is received by the destination and next byte may be sent by the processor. This signal enables the internal tristate buffers to send the next data byte on port A. †¢ INTE1 ( A flag associated with OBF ) This can be controlled by bit set/reset mode with PC6 . †¢ Control signals for input operations : †¢ STB (Strobe inp ut ) A low on this line is used to strobe in the data into the input latches of 8255. Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ IBF ( Input buffer full ) When the data is loaded into input buffer, this ignal rises to logic ‘1’. This can be used as an acknowledge that the data has been received by the receiver. †¢ The waveforms in fig show the operation in Mode 2 for output as well as input port. †¢ Note: WR must occur before ACK and STB must be activated before RD. WR OBF INTR ACK STB IBF Data bus RD Mode 2 Bidirectional Data Transfer Data from 8085 Data towards 8255 Modes of Operation of 8255 (cont.. ) †¢ The following fig shows a schematic diagram containing an 8-bit bidirectional port, 5-bit control port and the relation of INTR with the control pins. Port B can either be set to Mode 0 or 1 with port A( Group A ) is in Mode 2. Mode 2 is not available for port B. The following fig shows the control word. †¢ The INTR goes high only if either IBF, INTE2, STB and RD go high or OBF, INTE1, ACK and WR go high. The port C can be read to know the status of the peripheral device, in terms of the control signals, using the normal I/O instructions. D7 1 D6 1 D5 X D4 X D3 X D2 1/0 D1 1/0 D0 1/0 1/0 mode Port A mode 2 Port B mode 0-mode 0 1- mode 1 PC2 PC0 1 Input 0 Output Port B 1- I/P 0-O/P Mode 2 control word PC3 PA0-PA7 INTR INTE 1 PC7 PC6 OBF ACK STB IBF 3 I/O INTE 2 RD WR PC4 PC5 Mode 2 pins

treasure island essays

treasure island essays My favorite character in Treasure Island is captain Long John Silver. This character really stood out to me. The reason being that he was a very respected and or feared pirate among everyone that knew him. He had a very complex personality, at first he seemed to be the kindest person is the whole book, but later he really reveals what he is capable of and you soon learn it is Long John Silver is a very hard man to understand. Its very hard to even describe him. He could be very friendly and nice, which he looked like. He had lost his leg above the knee so he hobbled around on a crutch, which he could move around remarkably good, he dressed in your average seamen clothes, thick sea cloth pants with a button up shirt and a tri-corner hat with the only one he trusted perched on his shoulder, his parrot he named Captain Flint. He really looked to be a friendly old man. But he was much more than he appeared, he was evil enough to kill someone for looking at him wrong. And if you met someone like him on the street, you would never think he could do the things he did. And yet his fellow mates gave him more respect then the Captain Smollett or anyone else, I believe much of it came from fear though, if you werent a close friend of his you could have much to fear from him. First of all, this pirate changes from a proud captain, to a beggar. When the real captain (Captain Smollett) hires Long John Silver as the ships cook he seems very kind and respectful, in fact he even picks the hole crew for the Hispaniola (later to his advantage he finds out). When Jim Hawkins meets him he treats Jim as his he was his own grandson, and shares his stories and experiences with him, which is usually uncommon for a pirate to be so kind, he tells Jim he reminds him of himself as a young lad. In fact Long John owns a pub in Bristol, England, and he sees a man run out the door with out paying for his...

Osmosis Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Osmosis - Lab Report Example Cells require the movement of the chemicals inside and outside the cell for their survival. Cells require the movement of mainly the solute and solvent molecules inside and out of the cells for their proper functioning. The movement of the molecules occurs by active and passive processes. If the cell uses ATP for the transport of the molecules then it is termed as active process and if the molecules crosses the membrane with the help of concentration gradient, then it is called as passive process. Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis are the types of passive process. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a lower solute concentration to the higher solute concentration through a permeable membrane. Water molecule is much smaller than most of the solute molecules. Thus they are able to move through the membranes in which the solute molecules cannot pass through. This property of the water molecule is called as osmosis. The cell membranes are more permeable to the water molecules than most other solvents. As a result the cell membrane allows most of the water molecules to penetrate inside the cell. This results in the hypotonic condition of the cell. As a result the cell swells. Sometimes the solute concentration will be higher outside the cell membrane and as a result, the cell looses its water molecules out. This results in cell shrinkage termed as hypertonic solution. Is there is no change in the solute concentration inside and outside the membrane, then the solution is said to be isotonic. Osmosis is very essential for the biological systems. The biological membranes are semi permeable in nature. Water molecules travel through the plasma membrane by diffusing across the phospholipid bilayer using the transmembrane proteins. Cellophane membrane is a type of partially permeable membrane that can allow the water molecules to pass through. Cellophane membrane is made by regenerating the cellulose b y the addition of some chemicals like alkali, carbon disulfide and sulfuric acid. Cellulose is derived from the wood, hemp and cotton. The Glucose molecules are larger than the water molecules and they don’t diffuse through the cellophane membrane. When the different glucose concentrations are kept separated by the cellophane membrane, the movement of the solvent molecule, (i.e.) the water molecules, from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration occurs. The thermodynamic property of the solution to reach the equal concentration in both sides of the membrane takes place. Materials required: 4 finger bowls 4 pieces dialysis membrane 8 pieces string Metric ruler Hot plate Glass stirring rod Test tubes 50% glucose solution Squeeze bottle of distilled water Paper towels Electronic scale Boiling beads Plastic pan Dropper bottle of Benedict’s solution. Beakers of varying size ( 200 ml, 500 ml, 1000 ml) Pipettes Graduated cylinder ( 10 ml, 25 ml) Distilled water. Method: The 4 cellophane membranes are made active by dipping it in the distilled water. The membranes become wet and flexible. From the stock 50% glucose solution, the appropriate concentration of glucose solutions is prepared by diluting them appropriately with the distilled wat

Middle Class Struggles Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Middle Class Struggles Critique - Essay Example The final agreement was that one spouse could hold on to some money ranging from $19,000 to $95,000 according to the state. The law makers gave one spouse the right to refuse any financial obligation thereby shifting the partner's responsibility to the Medicaid. After his old parents could not look after themselves, Adam Albenico was confused on the next step to take considering his parent were from a middle class background making it hard for them to qualify for Medicaid. He visited Mr. Russo an elder-care lawyer and the chairman of the Medicaid task force for the National Academy of Elder Care Attorneys. He presented his case about his ailing father who needed a nursing home services pointing out that long-term care would exhaust their savings in 15 months. Mr. Russo educated him about Medicaid and advised him that his parent's assets be transferred to his mother so that she could sign the legal forms refusing to support her husband. He did this and a nursing home accepted his father but insisted that Albenico should pay for two months of care upfront or $15,000 in case his father's Medicaid application did not go through. He later sold his mother's property to finance her assisted living move but her mother later run out of money and Albenico together with his sister continued paying t

How successful has David Cameron been at keeping the Conservative Essay

How successful has David Cameron been at keeping the Conservative Party united since 2010 - Essay Example David Cameron and Liberal Democrat leader, Nick Clegg claimed that their actions were of necessity due to the spiraling national debt. As of 2013, Conservative party was the largest single party in House of Commons with its 303 members and still the largest party in local government with 9,391 Councilors. The party is the most powerful in United Kingdom and largest British party in the European Parliament since it has 25 Members of the European Parliament (Quinn, 2012). The strength of the party is also demonstrated by the fact that it is the third largest party in Scottish Parliament and second largest party in Welsh Parliament. Conservative party internal divisions have been evident on the UK’s relationship with the EU, but David Cameron has used various methods to manage intra-party divisions and unify the party leaders (Beckett, 2012, para 3). Some unifying techniques include policy compromise, referendum pledges, and low-cost dissent. Thesis statement: David Cameron has s uccessfully kept the Conservative party united since 2010. ... At the same time, Cameron is geared at ensuring stable Afghanistan and ultimate withdrawal of British troops by 2015 (Cole & Deighan, 2012). David Cameron has been able to get Britain back to work through creating more than 1 million employment opportunities since he became the Prime Minister in 2010. The government policies have led to more than 1.5 million apprenticeships and more than 2,000 families have been accepted to buy homes using mortgages each month. Conservative party has managed to slash down the top income tax rate to 45 percent from 50 percent and there are plans to lower it further to 40 percent. David Cameron is committed to party’s economic policies reducing public spending order to control budget deficit through merging or abolishing some public bodies and removing barriers to job creation (Kulahci, 2012). The number of UK businesses has reached a record high to 4.9 million and the government is committed to helping the businesses create more jobs through cu tting National Insurance for each business by 2,000 pounds and Prompt Payment Code for supplies of small businesses to bigger firms. According to Hart & Carr (2013), David Cameron has dealt with the issue of same-sex marriage that presented possible splits by seeking labour votes in Parliament in order to defeat a legislation that was aimed at introducing same-sex marriages. The opposition of same-sex marriages is not entirely based on the ethical grounds raised during the debate since the benchmark voting record on the issue is consistent thus highlighting remarkable consistent and unity of the party towards the issue (McNaught, 2012). David Cameron has successfully managed the issue of referendum on Scottish independence through offering

India and imperialism: A developing country

India and imperialism: A developing country India is still a developing country because of imperialism. India was imperialized by British in the late 1700s and the early 1800s till 1947 until it gained independence or communism. The British started expanding with the help of the British East India Company. The British expanded their rule over India. India at that time was one the richest countries in the world. They were rich because they had the most expensive diamond in the World, Kohinoor Diamond, at that time India had very less poverty and little corruption as well. The British took the Kohinoor Diamond, and have it now in a museum in United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is developed because of our (Indians) diamond and not because of their own efforts. After the British rulers were force to leave India in the year 1947, India became a country among countries with the highest poverty and corruption. India was considered well developed before the British expanded their rule. However from 1947, till today it is considered dev eloping. Also, the British leaders led to a separation of a major sector of India, Pakistan. India and Pakistan were separated because of the British. The British not only separated India and Pakistan, it separated many parts of India from India. A good example of this is Jammu and Kashmir. Till today India and Pakistan are in a state of a cold war to decide that which part does Jammu and Kashmir belong to. The people from Jammu and Kashmir are tired of the war between India and Pakistan and want to be known as an independent country. The British separated thousands of Indians from each other. The British broke India from one large country to a large number of small countries. India is still a developing country because of Imperialism and this has an impact on me. I am actually from Sind, which now is a part of Pakistan. After the separation of India and Pakistan, I do not know whether I am an Indian of Pakistani. I just know I am a Sindhi. However, now I have become a part of India. Earlier I was considered to be a Pakistani Indian and now I am considered as a Hindu Indian. The British Imperialism has an indirect impact on me. The British imperialism increased poverty and corruption in my country and until these two factors are reduced or eliminated, India will not be developed. My families back in home town know exactly what the poverty is, and when I go back to India it is difficult for me to face them. The British has made it difficult for me to face my own family members. It is difficult to decide whether the British had thought that there imperialism would affect India for so long. The result of the British imperialism, after they left was that my fa mily shifted to Dubai, they thought staying in India would be difficult. Staying in my own country is difficult? Why? How is it my country if I cannot stay in it? These are some unanswered questions left for me to find answers for, and these questions have been raised only because of the existence of the British Empire in India. Whenever I go to India, looking at the people craving for money for food and water is so difficult, that sometimes I do not want to go back to my own country. The country which any human belongs to is usually the first choice a person wants to spend vacations at. But some Indians like me staying in Dubai, do not want to go back to our own country because it is difficult to face the people out there. The Persepolis, by Marjane Satrapi she gives reasons for Iran being a developing country because of imperialism. In the story Marjane a citizen of Iran which was under the imperialism of the Shahs and the Islamic republic represents the thousands of other citizens of Iran. The Iranian Revolution has led to the deaths of thousands of people. In the story, Marjane had to leave her own country, her own parents because she had no freedom of life. Marjane represents many Iranians who had to leave their own country because they wanted to live their lives themselves and not on the orders of others. Marjane was separated from her parents at a very young age to complete education. Usually, many students leave their parents by choice for higher education (University), while Marjane had to leave her parents by force for school. The Iranian revolution keeps Iran a developing country. A country is considered developed only if they have a maintained GDP, a developed infrastructure, and low unemplo yment levels. Iran lacks these qualities to an extent because of imperialism and hence still considered a developing country. As Marjane by the end of the Movie leaves her own country again because of imperialism, she shows that her own country could be considered hers due to the Iranian Revolution. The rules over there changed after Saddam overtook Iran. One of the most important rules that affected women and Marjane was, The veil is synonymous of freedom; a worthy woman must cover herself from the eyes of a man (Satrapi). This symbolizes many rules imposed on the Iranians which they did not want to agree to. However they had no freedom of choice. These things show how Iran is still under a developed country as a victim of imperialism. Both Iran and India are developing countries because of imperialism and affect the lives of many human beings including me. My father came to Dubai because my grandfather thought it is safe for him to study here rather than in India (his own country) because of British Imperialism, exactly how Marjane had to leave to Paris, for studies due to Iranian revolution. Going back to India for me is sometimes difficult because I cannot face those relatives of mine who lost their family members during the British Revolution. Exactly like by the end of the movie: The one day, the time to leave had come (Satrapi), Marjane leaves to France; similar to my dad leaving for Dubai from India and hence I am an Indian living in Dubai. The impact of imperialism might not be intentional by British but it has affected me similar to the impact of imperialism by Shah and Saddam on Iran. My father came to Dubai, though it was not his choice. I do not know what my life would have been if I had been grown up i n India. I sometimes do not feel like an Indian, because the problems faced by Indians living in India are comparatively more than the problems faced by them and hence I do not find myself to be capable of living in India. India is still a developing country and it is a fact which is difficult for me to face, while the Indians in India have accepted this fact and therefore are capable of living in India. When I go to India for vacations it is difficult for me to see people on the road, because of poverty. Here in Dubai when I hear about the corrupted ministers I feel angry and cannot do anything about it. As India is a developing country, Iran as shown in the movie Persepolis is also a developing country because of imperialism. Imperialism affects many people indirectly. Many people including me know the effects of imperialism, and the biggest drawback of imperialism is that it the imperialized country a lot of time and a much higher effort to develop. Both Marjane and I know the effects of imperialism. The only difference is that Marjane has expressed it through Persepolis and I through this essay. Work Cited: Satrapi, Marjane. Persepolis (2007) IMDb. The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Web. 17 Dec. 2010. . Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for power and peace Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for power and peace In 1948 a German called Hans J Morgenthau wrote a book called, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for power and peace. This was book was to become the bedrock of American foreign policy for much of the cold war years (1945-1991). Morgenthau was also very critical of American foreign policy, especially the war in Vietnam and viewed it as very simplistic, The statesman must think in terms of the national interest conceived as power among other powers. The popular mind, unaware of the fine distractions of the statesmans thinking, reasons more often than not in the simple moralistic and legalistic terms of absolute good and evil. (Morgenthau, 1978, p13). Morgenthau died in 1980, a supporter of his ideas called John J Mearsheimer has stated that, he would have regarded the neo-conservatives adventure in Iraq as equally flawed. (Mearsheimer, 2005). Mearsheimer also goes on to say that, almost all realists in the US- except Henry Kissinger- opposed the war in Iraq. (Mearsheimer, 2005). Th is highlights that most of the realists are collectively combined in their idea of thought. Realist influence in US foreign policy really started to take hold during the presidencies of John F Kennedy and Lyndon B Johnston and peaked during the Vietnam War. The main idea of the Vietnam War was to contain and defeat the communist threat in South East Asia, this very similar to George W. Bush Jnrs idea of containing and defeating terrorism in Iraq and stopping the spread of weapons of mass destruction. By the end of both wars the neoconservative and realist paradigms were in peaces due to the disastrous outcomes. Hans J Morgenthau identified six key principles of a Realist foreign policy in his book Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. (Morgenthau, 1978,4- p15). 1) Politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature. This means that realists try and make a paradigm that can be split between the truth and opinion we can emphasise with politicians and say what course of action they should take. 2) Interest is defined in terms of power. This is the primary function of politics. Countries have interests in many parts of the world. We do not ask what motivates a country in terms of foreign politics, we question how politicians go about achieving those interests. All countries are different and so some will behave differently to others, they might be predictable or unpredictable. Morgenthau argues in his book that predictable foreign policy can be good because it lessens risks taken and broadens the benefits of policies because that is politically successful. 3) Interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid but whose meaning can change. Morgenthau has described power as strength to rule people and keep control of that strength. 4) Universal moral principles cannot be applied to the actions of states in the abstract; the circumstances of time of time and place must be considered. The states continuation is the primary objective of any government. Any other course of politics will be judged by the actions taken. 5) The moral laws that govern the universe are distinct for the moral of anyone nation 6) The difference between political realism and other schools is real and profound. Realism is reliant on human nature. A man who only has one objective is dangerous because that is what he strives to achieve. But to further develop realism as a theory this man must not be included into other aspects of realism as a theory. The Chapters in this dissertation discuss these six principles and in the conclusion each principle will be analysed and summarised to give an evaluation of the foreign policy theory, portraying ways how a realist foreign policy approach is and is not a suitable way to determine foreign policy. Chapter One- How can realism be defined Realism uses the state as the primary actor in world politics. Its main achievement is that since the purpose of the state is national survival in a hostile environment the acquisition of power is the proper, rational and inevitable goal of foreign policy. Thus foreign politics can be defined as a struggle between power maximising states in a chaotic environment. Hence realism is sometimes referred to as the power politics school of thought. Although this policy does not offer adequate explanations for US foreign policy towards rogue states, states whose behaviour has the potential to alter external security environment in a negative way for the US. As James Feron argues the theory cant explain why, a state chooses bad or foolish foreign policies. (Feron, 1998, p291) These theories do not tell us why the US does not balance against some threats. Concepts of self -help and sovereignty become integral parts of the realist view of global affairs. Since all states seek to maximise power in such a lawless world, realism emphasises the prevalent nature of conflict and competition in world politics. This in turn validates the acquisition of military capabilities by states, sufficient at least to deter attacks in a dangerous and uncertain world. Acceptance of the constant risk of conflict does not mean that the threat of conflict should go unchecked, since this would threaten the whole concept of the state. A technique utilised by realists in managing conflicts is through the balance of power. For example this can be seen throughout the cold war with the build-up of arms and the desire to build a bigger military capability to ensure that the balance of power was held between the USA USSR. This case illustrates that power and the role power has is a major influence in international politics. This underlines the realist paradigm that international relations is based upon a hierarchy, of which it is based on power capabilities, where the principle of equality between states is non-existent since states vary in their abilities to project power. Weaker states are usually taken advantage of by stronger states. An example of this can be seen with US political and economic embargo and sanctions placed on Cuba since 1959, this the best example of a long term attempt at trying to bring about political change in a country. Chapter Two- Poltics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature Morgenthaus first principle indicated that politics is governed by the rule of law and that this can be found in human nature. Realists argue that the rule of politics must make a clear cut choice between the fact and fiction that has to be supported by reasonable debate and evidence and it must not corrupt itself by the objective desires of politicians. An example for this can be found in the US decision to go to war with Iraq in 2003. The Bush administration clearly corrupted itself in looking for evidence and reasons to invade Iraq, and in doing so produced false reasons and intelligence to support their theory that Iraq was harbouring terrorists and manufacturing weapons of mass destruction. This idea is supported by Dr David Kays in his testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee. Dr Kay stated We have not found at this point actual weapons, David Kays report to Congress went further to say, It does not mean weve concluded there are no actual weapons. (Kay 2004). In Bushs c ase for starting the war against Iraq realists would say that Bush failed to split the truth from opinion and therefore he gave a misleading reason for going to war. The war in Iraq, Bush had hoped for would be the domino theory that the Vietnam War was suppose to be. According to Mearsheimer Bush had hoped that by installing democracy in Iraq it would lead on to other nations having revolutions that would eventually implement a democratic government. This can be seen as going against Morgenthaus first principle But on the other hand we can see evidence of Morgenthaus teachings as a justification for the war in Iraq. Morgenthaus first principle of, Politics is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature. (Morgenthau, 1978, p4-15). This can be highlighted in foreign politics with states trying to compete against one another to be a global dominator this, objective law has its place in human nature. The USA has assumed its current position as global supper power since 1991 after the disintegration of the USSR. The attacks on the trade centres on 9th September 2001 marked a turning point in the way the USA thought it could wield its power. The USA felt as if its position as a leading super power was under attack and tried to regain its statue and position with the invasion of Iraq in 2003. But Morgenthau does not count on emotions to used as a reason to go to war which was used under the guise of the protecting innocent people from Saddams weapon of mass destruction threat. Morgenthau was enthusiastic to apply human nature and objective laws to his six principles. He used them to express his direct opposition to the war in Vietnam and how the US war there could not defended. He also highlights that the US government was, manipulating the public mind: by avoiding inconvenient facts, by disseminating misinformation under the guise of educating the public, by convening public meetings with a pro-war policy program, by enlisting speakers who share the freedom house agenda in consequence by making dissent unpopular and by suggesting the dissenters are unpatriotic. (Zimmer, 2011, p304). This can be seen in Morgenthaus first principle as it shows that politicians failure to split the truth and opinion can lead to a manipulation of action taken by those that are in charge and by the way they try to hold on to power. Leo Strauss, a neo conservative, seems to compliment Morgenthau on the way that human nature can effect decisions Strauss has indicated in his work that politicians tell noble lies to help society come to terms with the action there state is about to take. Strauss believed it was for politicians to assert powerful and inspiring myths everyone could believe in. They might not be true, but they were necessary illusions. One of these was religion and the order was the myth of the nation of America that was the idea that the country had a unique destiny to battle against the forces of evil throughout the world. (Curtis,2004) Chapter Three- Interest is defined in terms of power An ancient Greek philosopher called Thuydides is quoted as saying, the do what they have to do and the weak accept what they have to accept. (Strassler, 2008, p32). This can be highlighted in Morgenthaus second principle. Thuydides teaching can be a primary objective of a states acting to defend their interests. This is never more evident in American foreign policy towards Iraq. The war can be viewed as following a very clear cut path of realism rather than neo-conservatism. It can be argued that when a super power is on the path to war there is no state or international organisation that can stop it, for example the USSRs invasion and occupation of Afghanistan 1979-1989. This is most certainly the case with Iraq despite various protests to the war across the globe. In the wake of terrorist attacks on the 9th September 2001support for the war in Iraq was running high due to the information and evidence that was being provided by the Bush administration to the public. The war then began to echo that of Vietnam as American became bogged down in fighting insurgents and the death toll began to rise. This is evident in a Gallup poll (figure A), Iraq war opposition (63%) is also notable because it is the highest mistake percentage Gallup has ever measured for an active war involving the USA- surpassing by two percentage points to 61% who said the Vietnam war was a mistake in May 1971. (Jones, Gallup, 2008) (figure A) (Jones, Gallup, 2008) http://media.gallup.com/poll/graphs/080423Iraq1_x7b3m0.gif In conjunction with Morgenthaus second principle, the USA felt it was in there national interest to guarantee safety to themselves by eliminating Saddam Hussein. This in turn it was hoped, might have a knock on effect to the rest of the Middle East. Despite only a handful of supporters and many opponents to it, the USA took Thuydides view to the war. This also highlighted Americas commitment to spreading democracy and therefore creating a global and peaceful environment for the world and the Middle East. Is second principle of Morgenthaus of Interest is defined in power, can be viewed in another way that the US was securing its interests in the short to long term. Many critics have argued that the US is securing is interests in the short to long term and that Iraq had to pay the price for that under the case that was peddled by the Bush administration. David Lieberfield has suggested that, in order to address why Iraq in particular was targeted, realism would also point to Iraqs geostrategic location which impinged on multiple security concerns of the US and to Iraqs unsurpassed oil reserves which it could deploy against US interests (Liebierfield, 2005, p4). From a realists perspective this can be seen as the primary goal, securing the USs interests and preventing the emergence of a hostile power, instead of the neo-conservative view promoting human rights and encouraging democratisation. There is further evidence that America was trying to protect its long terms interests in the oi l that is in Iraq was during a cabinet meeting with Bush, President Bushs Cabinet agreed in April 2001 that Iraq remains a destabilising influence to the flow of oil to international markets from the Middle East and because this is an unacceptable risk to the US military intervention is necessary. (Murphy, Evening Standard, 2003). This chapter has demonstrated that Morgenthaus second principle of. Interests is defined in terms of power has shown that states achieving and protecting their interests by using power to define them is ruthless, The assertation of American power after 9/11 was seen as a turning point as it highlighted to the world that American power was not in terminal decline, America sought to protect itself and its national interests by the use of force. (Harisch, Frank, Maull, 2011, p182). Beside what many critics of the war may perceive, Henry Kissinger has claimed that it has benefited the US in the long term. (Kissinger, 2011). Although morality was injected into the reasoning behind the war, Strauss have advised that this and is evident in Morgenthaus first principle. Morgenthau tries to express in his writings that morality and national interest should be kept apart when it come to foreign policy. Chapter Five- Interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid but whose meaning can change Morgenthaus fourth principle takes into consideration the concept that Interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid but whose meaning can change. (Morgenthau, 1978,4- p15). Morgenthau places emphasis on the defining of power, he expansively defines it as, anything that establishes and maintains control over man. (Morgenthau, 1978,4- p15). He also argues that meaning and definition of the nation state changes over time, while the realist indeed believes that interest is the perennial standard by which political action must be judged and directed the contemporary connection between interest and the nation state is a product of history and therefore is bound to disappear in the course of history. (Williams, Wright, Evans, 1993, p198). Realists dont assume that the world as we know it at the moment, which is divided into individual states, could be replaced by states based on a larger entity and being far from what we know now. Other thoughts of realism, which are different to Morgenthaus, ponder about how the current global state of affairs will change. Realists do accept that this change can be bought about by looking at how factors shaped the past and that similar factors could possible shape the future. But Williams, Wright and Evans argue that, realists cannot be persuaded that we can bring about a transformation by confronting a political reality that has its own laws with an abstract idea that refuses to take those laws into account. (Williams, Wright, Evans, 1993, p198). Realism is against the idea of pacification. Realists support the theory that appeasement doesnt work by using Hitler as an example. The bush administration took a standing point with the realist perspective when it came to foreign policy with Iraq. The policy that was taken against Iraq, has been justified by Richard Perle, the continental power wanted until after Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 and America waited until after September 11th to go after Osama Bin Laden. Hitlers self declared ambitions and military build up like, like Bin Ladens were under constant scrutiny long before the acts of aggression to which a response became unavoidable. Both could have been stopped by a relatively modest well timed pre-emption. (Perle, The Telegraph, 2002). Perle goes on further to stress that, what risk do we run if Saddam remains in power ad continues to build his arsenal of chemical and biological weapons ? what dangers would follow his acquisition of nuclear weapons. We cannot know for su re. But on which side would it be better to be on? How would a decision to do nothing now and hope for best, look when Saddam has nuclear weapons and he makes another run at Kuwait or succeeds Afghanistan as terrorist head quarters of the world. (Perle, The Telegraph, 2002). Perle is highlighting the American and continuing schools of realisms thought on appeasement a potential dangerous enemy. He is conforming to Morgenthaus third principle by applying, establishing and maintaining a certain level of control over Iraq and the people of Iraq. This highlights Morgenthaus third principle, interests defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid but the whole mean can change. Howard Feinberg has argued that, Power is anything that establishes and maintains the control of man over man, accordingly to Morgenthaus third principle his definition of power cover not only the intrinsic power of capability (physical violence or the threat thereof), which is all that Waltz recognises, but also that of contingent power (subtle psychological ties and mental control). National character morale and the quality of government are found by Morgenthau to be even the most important components of power, even more so than the intrinsic capabilities. (Feinberg, 1996). This highlights that power is control and that Morgenthaus third principle realises this. But as with America, Morgenthaus third principle has realised that power has its limitations to control as the US found concerning its support from different nations lead ing up to the Iraq war. The critic Kenneth Waltz has argued that American justification for the war is an attempt to convince the world that to go to war is just. But it is also a classic realist sign that of an attempt at trying to take control, through the power of reasoning. The urge to explain is not born out of idle curiosity alone. It is produced also, by the desire to control or at least a desire to know if control is possible. (Waltz, 1996, p15). Despite Morgenthaus third principle, realism does not take into account the climate in which foreign policy can be applied. An important part of the realist school of thought is the balance of power. The balance of power can be applied successfully to foreign policy the actions applied can also make the world co-operate more there is no nation state is trying to gain an upper hand. An example of this could be the peace that has existed between France and Germany since the end of the Second World War. Chapter Five- Universal moral principles cannot be applied to the actions of states in the abstract; the circumstances of time and place must be considered. Morgenthaus fourth principle argues that the school of realism realises that morals can play a part in the importance of taking a political action. It also recognises that there can be some friction created between those that want to apply those morals to a states actions and whether or not the application of those morals on a states action is successful or not. Realism fails to address any tension that may occur and it does not make clear any moral or political issues which may occur by a state acting as a leader. The state may try and make its own morals appear more appealing to other nations than they actually are. Hasting argues that Morgenthaus fourth principle advocates that some states may act even if the moral is indefensible or even morally wrong, relations between states as leaders must sometimes take actions considered morally wrong in order to best serve the interest of those to whom they are accountable. i.e the people. (Hastings, academia.edu). Morgenthau insists that realism can not apply morals to states actions, Political realism is aware of the moral significance of political action. It is also aware of the ineluctable tension between the moral command and the requirements of successful political action. And it is unwilling to gloss over and obliterate that tension and thus to obfuscate both the moral and the political issue by making it appear as though the stark facts of politics were morally more satisfying than they actually are, and the moral law less exacting than it actually is. (Myers, 2006, p14). Morgenthaus argument highlights the fact that the state has an obligation to continue function as one, and to protect its people that are within the state. According to Keaney, he argues that it is the in the intrinsic nature of the human actors who control the states that cause states to behave in the way they do. (Keaney, 2006, p4) . This suggests that there can be no morality in politics unless there is careful mana gement. If states actors do not take into consideration the results of their actions then this can risk upsetting the balance of power. Realism does come to the conclusion that any form of political action is bad despite states morals. This is due to an outcome that is going to be unfavourable to any actors involved despite any judgements passed on actions taken. An example of this can be US foreign policy in Iraq. The US actions in Iraq can be considered a clear reflection of Morgenthaus fourth principle. This because of the US taking a course of action that other states actors did not agreed with. This can be seen in figure B with a steady decrease in the popularity of America after the invasion of Iraq, the chart shows the opinions of Western European countries. In realist terms the primary objectives of the American government after the September 11th attacks was to gain a foothold in the Middle East that would give access to other parts of the world. Many saw the Americans actions as unfavourable and that prompted them to say that the American attack on Iraq was for its oil reserves. The Bush administration came to the conclusion that it would be better to invade Iraq and eradicate it of terrorism altogether rather than them hunt individual terrorists. Bush prior to the invasion of Iraq squarely pinned the blame for anti-Americanism onto the shoulders of Iraq and other dictatorships in the Middle East. This argument has been supported by Tom Lindberg and Suzanne Mossel, Given the links drawn by everyone from Osama bin Laden to President Bush between the Iraqi insurgency and the fight against al Qaeda, it becomes clear that anti-Americanism plays at least some role in motivating those who aid and abet the Iraqi insurgency with financing, shelter, and other forms of support. (Lindberg, Mossel, The Princeton Project of National Security, p13). (Figure B) Do Opinion of the United States you have a favorable or unfavorable view of the U.S.? Europe: Percent responding Favorable, all years measured COUNTRY 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 View trend for Britain on this question Britain 75 70 58 55 56 51 53 69 65 61 60 View trend for Bulgaria on this question Bulgaria 72 51 View trend for Czech Republic on this question Czech Republic 71 45 54 View trend for France on this question France 62 42 37 43 39 39 42 75 73 75 69 View trend for Germany on this question Germany 60 45 38 42 37 30 31 64 63 62 52 View trend for Greece on this question Greece 35 View trend for Italy on this question Italy 70 60 53 74 View trend for Lithuania on this question Lithuania 73 View trend for Netherlands on this question Netherlands 45 View trend for Poland on this question Poland 79 62 61 68 67 74 70 69 View trend for Russia on this question Russia 61 37 46 52 43 41 46 44 57 56 52 View trend for Slovakia on this question Slovakia 60 41 View trend for Spain on this question Spain 38 41 23 34 33 58 61 64 58 View trend for Sweden on this question Sweden 46 View trend for Ukraine on this question Ukraine 80 54 60 As Morgenthaus four principle reiterates, some actions taken are going to be unfavourable to others. For realists the invasion of the country was a logical, with the evidence given. This is because national security and the continuation of the state take priority above any other interest which maybe had even if the political decision is unfavourable. The US did perceive that Iran and Syria did pose a threat against the USA. But with the US having such a close force to these threats it could be in a better position to take action against one of the need was there. Bush, it could be argued was using a domino theory as exactly as was employed in Vietnam. Chapter Six- The moral laws that govern the universe are distinct for the moral of anyone nation